kassites in the bible

The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and locally popular, and their 500-year reign laid an essential groundwork for the development of subsequent Babylonian culture. Christians have historically spoken of the Bible as being divided into the "Old" and the "New" testaments. The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. [8][9] About 100 Kassite tablets were found at Dur-Kurigalzu. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". Ghent and Chicago: The University of Ghent and The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). [53] Kassite pottery deposits have been found as far away as Al Khor Island in the Persian Gulf area. Kassite traditions endured mostly in the private and familial spheres (see Heinz, 1995, p. 165). Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. 17 ff. J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. 1, 1989, pp. The Karun river runs a course of over 500 miles. The Bible makes many references to a people known as the "Cushites," implying they are the descendents of Noah's grandson Cush, who inhabited the "Land of Cush" in Old Testament times. There is good reason for thinking that the Kassites were once neighbors of Indo-Europeans, in view of some affinities between their pantheon and the Indo-Aryan one (see Bloomfield, 1904; Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 136 ad srya-). The Character of the Kassite rule in Babylonia (the chronology follows Boese, 1982; cf. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). 1750-1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. [17] This practice continued for several centuries after the end of the Kassite Dynasty. Both regions remained linked with the Babylonian government during the 11th and 10th century BCE, but from 850 BCE onwards they passed to the Assyrian sphere of influence (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. Hittite, member of an ancient Indo-European people who appeared in Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium bce; by 1340 bce they had become one of the dominant powers of the Middle East. Many endure rather than enjoy reading these two chapters. : The Documentary Evidence, AJA 76, 1972, pp. Remnants of two Kassite glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. All the Kassite rulers up to Katilya IV inclusive bore Kassite names, the only exception being Kudur-Enlil, whose first component is not originally Akkadian but Elamite (cf. In tablet #149, Abi-Milku praises Pharaoh and compares him to Sun god. Ancient Orient Museum, Lapis Lazuli fragment with building inscriptions, Kassite, from Iraq. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. Originally Published in 1962 Mesopotamian Motifs in the Early Chapters of Genesis By: E.A. Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. 351-58. Kassite. 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. [2] A dynasty of Kassite origin ruled Babylonia starting with the fifteenth century BCE. This capital, which was located in the far north of Babylonia, included a big palace and a temple with a high tower of the ziggurat type. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. 32, no. While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. 1-8. We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. On the other hand, they are not underrepresented in the ration lists, which points to their presence in the lower echelons of the society. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. World History Encyclopedia. 17 f.). In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. The earliest occurrence of an individual with a Kassite name in Babylonia is from Rm-Sn Is 53rd year (1770 BCE). It is important to know that many of the cities of Canaan that were mentioned in the Bible have now undergone excavations. 164 f.) and Hatti. Balkan, 1954, pp. There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Learn how your comment data is processed. The first person that came close was Thomas Edison and I thought wow Im a genius. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. Foster and D. Gutas, Monographs on the Ancient Near East 2/3, Malibu, 1986. Ancient Jerusalem - Interactive Study of Jerusalem with Map. During the 16th century BCE. A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. Die Tontafeln der Grabung Robert Koldeweys 18991917." The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. 283304, Armstrong, James A.. "15. Prof. David Goldenberg Categories: Beha'alotcha Old Arab Woman, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1882. Kassites. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. The Kassites, the ancient Near Eastern people who seized power in Babylonia following the fall of the first Babylonian Dynasty and subsequently went on to rule it for some three hundred and fifty years during the late bronze age, possessed a pantheon of gods but few are known beyond the laconic mention in the theophoric element of a name. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). 135-38. [21] At the site of Isin, which had been abandoned after the time of Samsu-iluna, major rebuilding work occurred on the religious district including the temple of Gula. 9, pp. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty examines the impact the Kassites had on the region. Armstrong, James A., and Hermann Gasche. (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) (2012). Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. J. Fincke, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Nuzi-Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 10, Wiesbaden, 1993. Their rule helped to shape many different aspects of the culture and religion was one major area where it was experienced the most. 2, 1971, Ferrara, A. J. The city of Babylon had been a city-state in Mesopotamia for many years. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. A. The Kassite (or presumably such) clans are Bimat (including the houses [h] of Nanakt) and possibly the Samhar (De Graef, 1998, pp. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. Krishna was at once an incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva. The documentation from Old Babylonian Susa would have strengthened the case for the Zagros as the original country of the Kassites, were it not limited, undated, and to some extent of questionable interpretation (Zadok, 1987, p. 16). 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. )], Buga[u?] It was in the area between this Havilah and Shur that Saul defeated the Amalekites and captured Agag, their king (I Sam. Ancient Orient Museum, Kudurru mentioning the name of the Kassite king Kurigalzu II, from Nippur, Iraq, Ancient Orient Museum, Babylonian cuneiform tablet with a map from Nippur, Kassite period, 1550-1450 BCE, Winged centaur hunting animals. The world of the Bible is knowable. A number of the Amarna Letters are correspondence between the respective rulers (including 14 between the Pharaoh and the Kassite ruler). G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 3 Where did the Kassite people originally come from? There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. 59, no. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. (2011, August 03). THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. 535-545, Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Qf. A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. The state sector, namely, the royal family, bureaucrats, priests, artisans, and attached labor (dependents and slaves of the palaces and temples), seems to have been the dominant one in the economy of Kassite Babylonia. Although both the level of urbanization and of the rural population in Babylonia was lower than that in the early second millennium BCE (cf. Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). It is believed that in the ancient city existed the legendary "Hanging Gardens of Babylon," which were terraced gardens of celestial beauty that were maintained by an automated watering mechanism. 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. 2014. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." Roman Empire Map - Krishna was the father of Abraham (Brahma). The Sealand, which was ruled by another dynasty perhaps since the demise of Babylons rule in the south, was incorporated into Babylonia in ca. The area they used to inhabit is located. 210 f.). 1/2, 1981, pp. It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. The opinion of W. Eilers (1957-58, pp. 39:1-45:5 - the most detailed account in the Old Testament of Babylon conquest of Jerusalem and its aftermath. The Mosaic Glass Vessels from Hasanlu, Iran: A Study in Large-Scale Stylistic Trait Distribution The Art Bulletin , Vol. E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. Several individuals with Kassite names are recorded in the prism of Tunip-Teup from Tikunani (ca. Idem, rev. The Chaldeans in the Bible The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." Coss(a)ei, Cossiaei, etc., i.e., Kassites (along with he Kissa as the name of the Kassites country; see Weissbach, 1921, 1922; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135; Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 471b). KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. Museum, B. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. Volume 1 Kardunia. The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. J. [19], The ancient city of Nippur was a major focus for the Kassites. 225, 1977, pp. This is when they are shown on the Biblical Timeline with world history. 11119, Pedersn, Olof. (Gen. 3:15) It is from the Horite priesthood that the priesthood of Israel developed. 6, no. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. The Kassites had also developed their unique style of poetry, architecture, medicine, sculpture, astrology and fortune telling. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. Van De Mieroop, 2003, pp. 2, pp. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. The names of some Kassite deities are known. Jt. A.. "1. 71 ff.) Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. "18. The king at the time of Joshuas invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11). Kassites stayed in Babylonia, but their main concentration was the central Zagros northeast of Babylonia, notably in Namri and Bt-Hamban. Since they had chariots, they were not nomadic, but were fully settled in segregated rural encampments. v. This form resembles the much later Greek name Kossaioii, Lat. [58] The seals were generally made of stone, glass, or clay. 11, no. K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Download Free PDF View PDF. 15:7). 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. These are caretakers of the people and the closest they have to political leaders. 1-19. 88-124, Clayden, Tim. BIBL 410 W EEKLY S TUDY Q UESTION 4 One Blood/Introduction to Abraham Answer thoroughly the following questions based on this module/week's Reading & Study material: 1. The Kassites strove to be integrated in the culture of the conquered land. Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. It has also been suggested that the first element in Kudur-Enlil's name is derived from Elamite but that is disputed.[49][50]. Thank you for your help! [24] They were reported in Babylonia by the 18th century BC, especially around the area of Sippar. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. The Kissites used their alliances to help repel enemies and to establish a trade. The dependents employed in these sectors received rations, the quantities of which were determined according to the recipients rank in the hierarchy. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. Thus Rameses means to come from Ra and Mosa would be incomplete, and as it says in Exodus he was drawn from the water. B. But, dont take my word for all of that. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in Mesopotamia. This governor seems to have enjoyed a special, apparently privileged, status among the other provincial governors (Sassmannshausen tends to compare his role to that of a chief minister of the state: Kanzler). The History of Rome - Brief Overview Of Roman History from Her Dawn to the First Punic War. The Kassites unified Mesopotamia into one culture centred around Babylon The HURRIANS c. 905-886 BC Also known as Hanigalbat, the Hurrians were Indo-Iranian warrior people who filled the vacuum left in central and northern Mesopotamia after the segregation and fall of their city kingdoms. 166-195, Frans van Koppen (2006). The first place to start when trying to locate the Garden of Eden is in the Bible. Updates? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. 124, no. Sassmannshausen (1999, pp. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. Kings with Kassite names appeared on the middle Euphrates during the 17th century BCE. 45-52. 421-436. Amarna a-an-har-ra, a-an-ha-ar (from Mitanni and Alashia), Hittite a-an-ha-ra(-az), Egyptian ngr, Old Testament nr < *amara (Old Babylonian gentilic Samhar), presumably a Kassite tribe, gave its name to Babylonia while it was occupied by the Kassites (see Zadok, 1984; cf. 129, Brinkman, J. 1360 to 1220 BCE. 88 f.). When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. However, tribal organization was not strange to the Babylonian society itself also in the Middle Babylonian period (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. According to the accounts in Genesis, and the dates that follow throughout the entirety of the era of Kings and Judges, the Exodus occurred in 1312bce, which is 2448 years from the creation of Adam. The Babylonian empire founded by Hammurabi was overthrown by the Kassites (whose origins are unknown) in 1595 BCE, the conquest following a Hittite invasion that sacked Babylon but did not stay to rule over it.Over the following centuries, the Kassites successfully . Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. 415 f.). Literature that falls in the category of mythical will not be covered even though there is a large amount of biblical and Akkadian literature that refers to the same events, such as creation and flood events. They eventually detached themselves from the Babylonian state and its urban centers, probably because they were unpaid or unprovisioned. The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. Iran 12.1 (1974): 99-124. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? 479-491, Potts, D. T. Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Early on, refurbishments were conducted of the various religious and administrative buildings, the first of these datable to Kurigalzu I. (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. The rulers of Allabria, Hubukia, and Ginguhtu, regions in the direction of present-day West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, bore Kassite names (Ianzi-buria, Ianz, and Ursi respectively). Richardson (2002, p. 54) points out that southern Mesopotamian refugees were absorbed in the northern cities, whereas members of non-Mesopotamian population groups, such as Kassites, Elamites, and West Semitic semi-nomads (Suteans, Ahlamites) were diverted to rural establishments, such as encampments and fortresses. that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . Their empire, which lasted from the 20th to the seventh centuries B.C., was centered on the cities of Assur, Nineveh and Arbela in what is now northern Iraq. ISBN 978-9004430914. 2, 2021, pp. 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. 231-246, Brinkman, J. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Thank you! J.A. The original abodes of the Kassites are not known. Tukulti-Ninurta of Assyria conquered Babylon in 1225 B.C., but the Kassites survived Assyrian pressure until twelfth-century wars with Elam finally resulted in the end of their suzerainty. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 150 f.; see Balkan, 1954, pp. [25] As the Babylonian empire weakened in the following years the Kassites became a part of the landscape, even at times supplying troops for Babylon. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. ), whose kings were native Babylonians. Ramose was her father. When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state.

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